Guidance arises from Robert Hoberman (personal correspondence). That it is apparently generally representative of the Jewish languages of a great many other urban centers of this part also, in addition to Aqra and you can Rawanduz.
However, contained in this dialect there is an extremely unusual changes out-of h so you’re able to h on the 3rd individual only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The text of your Jews out of Iranian Azerbaijan, in addition to communities into the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you may Yuksekova. Information is out-of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of one’s Jews out-of Halabja towards Iran-Iraq border. This is extremely close to the Jewish dialects of your almost every other cities of region, as well as Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and Panjwin. Information arises from my personal cards.
We’re going to compare these types of dialects with regard to twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you may lexical standards. Adopting the Hetzron (1976, 98), you will find selected only innovations since the criteria to possess classification. I have picked good disproportionate quantity of morphological standards, and we shall provide them with special lbs, once again adopting the Hetzron, however, almost every other mutual innovations will be considered as better.
Mention along with the much harder maintenance plus insertion of into the Koy Sanjaq advertised of the Hoberman (1985)
As we contrast the new dialects from NENA we are going to make an effort to influence the fresh new the amount to which this new languages express a definite trend and this differs from Turoyo and you can Mandaic. Meanwhile, we are going to select bundles of isoglosses within NENA.
(1) Worry may be penultimate in most new NA dialects, and Turoyo and you will Mandaic although not regarding about three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you will Halabja, which stress the past syllable. This type of languages check, like this, such as many more (Garbell 1965), to display an unusually strong determine off Kurdish.
(2) Most of the NENA dialects enjoys blended h and you can x. During the Hertevin as a result, h, and you can everywhere else it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you can dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and you will Mandaic maintain independent h and x. Specific NENA languages keeps reintroduced h as a borrowing from Kurdish or Arabic or out-of Traditional Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Although not, the latest passed down language continuously shows x. Such as for instance, within the Tisqopa there are lent Arabic terms and conditions, such as sahabi ‘friend’, with h, however, inherited terms eg laxma ‘bread’ constantly reveal x. (6)
(3) Most of the NENA dialects but Hertevin and you can Zakho have forfeit very times out-of passed down. Such, from inside the Aradhin we find arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb an effective and you will afra. From inside the Hertevin along with Zakho, passed down try frequently ?: Hertevin so?a ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you will Alon 1979, 189). In many almost every other languages some are managed since ?, and you can, from the other individuals, is gone totally. Certain dialects enjoys reintroduced borrowed out-of Arabic or Kurdish. Such as for instance, Halabja enjoys ayza ‘good’.
(4) When you look at the before languages away from Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t became [Theta] just after a great vowel. That it alternation might have been lexicalized for the NENA, with https://datingranking.net/cs/sweet-pea-recenze/ possibly t or [Theta] dispersed courtesy whole paradigms, if or not preceded of the a vowel or perhaps not. Such, for the Aradhin this new verb ‘come’ now has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, and also [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Next, in some dialects this new phoneme [Theta] provides experienced most transform. In some dialects [Theta] enjoys combined back once again to t, and in other people it’s become s if you don’t l.(7) In a single dialect, Jilu, it’s become h after which been erased but at the start of a phrase. The three easternmost Jewish dialects express new alarming shift from [Theta] to one. The results of them change is seen from the word ‘house’ which appears in different dialects since feel:[Theta great]a (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you will besa (Sanandaj Christian).